ReadOnlySmallWorld

The ability to create a compact representation from a graph. Only for reading. Memory costs in bytes are reduced by the formula:
MemCompact = MemFull - AllLinks * 4

TestHNSW/HNSWDemo/Program.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using ZeroLevel.HNSW;
 
@@ -98,10 +99,267 @@ namespace HNSWDemo
 
         static void Main(string[] args)
         {
-            FilterTest();
+            TransformToCompactWorldTestWithAccuracity();
             Console.ReadKey();
         }
 
+        static void TransformToCompactWorldTest()
+        {
+            var count = 10000;
+            var dimensionality = 128;
+            var samples = RandomVectors(dimensionality, count);
+            var world = new SmallWorld<float[]>(NSWOptions<float[]>.Create(6, 15, 200, 200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple));
+            var ids = world.AddItems(samples.ToArray());
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Start test");
+
+            byte[] dump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                world.Serialize(ms);
+                dump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine($"Full dump size: {dump.Length} bytes");
+
+            ReadOnlySmallWorld<float[]> compactWorld;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(dump))
+            {
+                compactWorld = SmallWorld.CreateReadOnlyWorldFrom<float[]>(NSWReadOnlyOption<float[]>.Create(200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple), ms);
+            }
+
+            // Compare worlds outputs
+            int K = 200;
+            var hits = 0;
+            var miss = 0;
+            var testCount = 1000;
+            var sw = new Stopwatch();
+            var timewatchesHNSW = new List<float>();
+            var timewatchesHNSWCompact = new List<float>();
+            var test_vectors = RandomVectors(dimensionality, testCount);
+
+            foreach (var v in test_vectors)
+            {
+                sw.Restart();
+                var gt = world.Search(v, K).Select(e => e.Item1).ToHashSet();
+                sw.Stop();
+                timewatchesHNSW.Add(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+                sw.Restart();
+                var result = compactWorld.Search(v, K).Select(e => e.Item1).ToHashSet();
+                sw.Stop();
+                timewatchesHNSWCompact.Add(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+                foreach (var r in result)
+                {
+                    if (gt.Contains(r))
+                    {
+                        hits++;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        miss++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            byte[] smallWorldDump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                compactWorld.Serialize(ms);
+                smallWorldDump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            var p = smallWorldDump.Length * 100.0f / dump.Length;
+            Console.WriteLine($"Compact dump size: {smallWorldDump.Length} bytes. Decrease: {100 - p}%");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"HITS: {hits}");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MISSES: {miss}");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Min()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Average()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Max()} ms");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Min()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Average()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Max()} ms");
+        }
+
+        static void TransformToCompactWorldTestWithAccuracity()
+        {
+            var count = 10000;
+            var dimensionality = 128;
+            var samples = RandomVectors(dimensionality, count);
+
+            var test = new VectorsDirectCompare(samples, CosineDistance.ForUnits);
+            var world = new SmallWorld<float[]>(NSWOptions<float[]>.Create(6, 15, 200, 200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple));
+            var ids = world.AddItems(samples.ToArray());
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Start test");
+
+            byte[] dump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                world.Serialize(ms);
+                dump = ms.ToArray();
+            }           
+
+            ReadOnlySmallWorld<float[]> compactWorld;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(dump))
+            {
+                compactWorld = SmallWorld.CreateReadOnlyWorldFrom<float[]>(NSWReadOnlyOption<float[]>.Create(200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple), ms);
+            }
+
+            // Compare worlds outputs
+            int K = 200;
+            var hits = 0;
+            var miss = 0;            
+
+            var testCount = 2000;
+            var sw = new Stopwatch();
+            var timewatchesNP = new List<float>();
+            var timewatchesHNSW = new List<float>();
+            var timewatchesHNSWCompact = new List<float>();
+            var test_vectors = RandomVectors(dimensionality, testCount);
+
+            var totalHitsHNSW = new List<int>();
+            var totalHitsHNSWCompact = new List<int>();
+
+            foreach (var v in test_vectors)
+            {
+                var npHitsHNSW = 0;
+                var npHitsHNSWCompact = 0;
+
+                sw.Restart();
+                var gtNP = test.KNearest(v, K).Select(p => p.Item1).ToHashSet();
+                sw.Stop();
+                timewatchesNP.Add(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+                sw.Restart();
+                var gt = world.Search(v, K).Select(e => e.Item1).ToHashSet();
+                sw.Stop();
+                timewatchesHNSW.Add(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+                sw.Restart();
+                var result = compactWorld.Search(v, K).Select(e => e.Item1).ToHashSet();
+                sw.Stop();
+                timewatchesHNSWCompact.Add(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+                foreach (var r in result)
+                {
+                    if (gt.Contains(r))
+                    {
+                        hits++;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        miss++;
+                    }
+                    if (gtNP.Contains(r))
+                    {
+                        npHitsHNSWCompact++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (var r in gt)
+                {
+                    if (gtNP.Contains(r))
+                    {
+                        npHitsHNSW++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                totalHitsHNSW.Add(npHitsHNSW);
+                totalHitsHNSWCompact.Add(npHitsHNSWCompact);
+            }
+
+            byte[] smallWorldDump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                compactWorld.Serialize(ms);
+                smallWorldDump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            var p = smallWorldDump.Length * 100.0f / dump.Length;
+            Console.WriteLine($"Full dump size: {dump.Length} bytes");
+            Console.WriteLine($"Compact dump size: {smallWorldDump.Length} bytes. Decrease: {100 - p}%");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"HITS: {hits}");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MISSES: {miss}");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN NP TIME: {timewatchesNP.Min()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG NP TIME: {timewatchesNP.Average()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX NP TIME: {timewatchesNP.Max()} ms");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Min()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Average()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSW TIME: {timewatchesHNSW.Max()} ms");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Min()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Average()} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSWCompact TIME: {timewatchesHNSWCompact.Max()} ms");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSW Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSW.Min() * 100 / K}%");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSW Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSW.Average() * 100 / K}%");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSW Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSW.Max() * 100 / K}%");
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"MIN HNSWCompact Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSWCompact.Min() * 100 / K}%");
+            Console.WriteLine($"AVG HNSWCompact Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSWCompact.Average() * 100 / K}%");
+            Console.WriteLine($"MAX HNSWCompact Accuracity: {totalHitsHNSWCompact.Max() * 100 / K}%");
+        }
+
+        static void SaveRestoreTest()
+        {
+            var count = 1000;
+            var dimensionality = 128;
+            var samples = RandomVectors(dimensionality, count);
+            var world = new SmallWorld<float[]>(NSWOptions<float[]>.Create(6, 15, 200, 200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple));
+            var sw = new Stopwatch();
+            sw.Start();
+            var ids = world.AddItems(samples.ToArray());
+            sw.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine($"Insert {ids.Length} items on {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds} ms");
+            Console.WriteLine("Start test");
+
+            byte[] dump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                world.Serialize(ms);
+                dump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine($"Full dump size: {dump.Length} bytes");
+
+            byte[] testDump;
+            var restoredWorld = new SmallWorld<float[]>(NSWOptions<float[]>.Create(6, 15, 200, 200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple));
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(dump))
+            {
+                restoredWorld.Deserialize(ms);
+            }
+
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                restoredWorld.Serialize(ms);
+                testDump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            if (testDump.Length != dump.Length)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Incorrect restored size. Got {testDump.Length}. Expected: {dump.Length}");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ReadOnlySmallWorld<float[]> compactWorld;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(dump))
+            {
+                compactWorld = SmallWorld.CreateReadOnlyWorldFrom<float[]>(NSWReadOnlyOption<float[]>.Create(200, CosineDistance.ForUnits, true, true, selectionHeuristic: NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple), ms);
+            }
+
+            byte[] smallWorldDump;
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                compactWorld.Serialize(ms);
+                smallWorldDump = ms.ToArray();
+            }
+            var p = smallWorldDump.Length * 100.0f / dump.Length;
+            Console.WriteLine($"Compact dump size: {smallWorldDump.Length} bytes. Decrease: {100 - p}%");
+        }
+
         static void FilterTest()
         {
             var count = 5000;

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Model/NSWOptions.cs

@@ -2,29 +2,12 @@
 
 namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 {
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Type of heuristic to select best neighbours for a node.
-    /// </summary>
-    public enum NeighbourSelectionHeuristic
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Marker for the Algorithm 3 (SELECT-NEIGHBORS-SIMPLE) from the article. Implemented in <see cref="Algorithms.Algorithm3{TItem, TDistance}"/>
-        /// </summary>
-        SelectSimple,
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Marker for the Algorithm 4 (SELECT-NEIGHBORS-HEURISTIC) from the article. Implemented in <see cref="Algorithms.Algorithm4{TItem, TDistance}"/>
-        /// </summary>
-        SelectHeuristic
-    }
-
     public sealed class NSWOptions<TItem>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Mox node connections on Layer
         /// </summary>
         public readonly int M;
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Max search buffer
         /// </summary>

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Model/NSWReadOnlyOption.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    public sealed class NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Max search buffer
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly int EF;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Distance function beetween vectors
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly Func<TItem, TItem, float> Distance;
+
+        public readonly bool ExpandBestSelection;
+
+        public readonly bool KeepPrunedConnections;
+
+        public readonly NeighbourSelectionHeuristic SelectionHeuristic;
+
+        private NSWReadOnlyOption(
+            int ef,
+            Func<TItem, TItem, float> distance,
+            bool expandBestSelection,
+            bool keepPrunedConnections,
+            NeighbourSelectionHeuristic selectionHeuristic)
+        {
+            EF = ef;
+            Distance = distance;
+            ExpandBestSelection = expandBestSelection;
+            KeepPrunedConnections = keepPrunedConnections;
+            SelectionHeuristic = selectionHeuristic;
+        }
+
+        public static NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> Create(
+            int EF,
+            Func<TItem, TItem, float> distance,
+            bool expandBestSelection = false,
+            bool keepPrunedConnections = false,
+            NeighbourSelectionHeuristic selectionHeuristic = NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.SelectSimple) =>
+            new NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem>(EF, distance, expandBestSelection, keepPrunedConnections, selectionHeuristic);
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Model/NeighbourSelectionHeuristic.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Type of heuristic to select best neighbours for a node.
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum NeighbourSelectionHeuristic
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Marker for the Algorithm 3 (SELECT-NEIGHBORS-SIMPLE) from the article. Implemented in <see cref="Algorithms.Algorithm3{TItem, TDistance}"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        SelectSimple,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Marker for the Algorithm 4 (SELECT-NEIGHBORS-HEURISTIC) from the article. Implemented in <see cref="Algorithms.Algorithm4{TItem, TDistance}"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        SelectHeuristic
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/ReadOnlySmallWorld.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    public class ReadOnlySmallWorld<TItem>
+    {
+        private readonly NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> _options;
+        private ReadOnlyVectorSet<TItem> _vectors;
+        private ReadOnlyLayer<TItem>[] _layers;
+        private int EntryPoint = 0;
+        private int MaxLayer = 0;
+
+        private ReadOnlySmallWorld() { }
+
+        internal ReadOnlySmallWorld(NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> options, Stream stream)
+        {
+            _options = options;
+            Deserialize(stream);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Search in the graph K for vectors closest to a given vector
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="vector">Given vector</param>
+        /// <param name="k">Count of elements for search</param>
+        /// <param name="activeNodes"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public IEnumerable<(int, TItem, float)> Search(TItem vector, int k)
+        {
+            foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k))
+            {
+                yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<(int, TItem, float)> Search(TItem vector, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes)
+        {
+            if (activeNodes == null)
+            {
+                foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k))
+                {
+                    yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k, activeNodes))
+                {
+                    yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Algorithm 5
+        /// </summary>
+        private IEnumerable<(int, float)> KNearest(TItem q, int k)
+        {
+            if (_vectors.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return Enumerable.Empty<(int, float)>();
+            }
+            var distance = new Func<int, float>(candidate => _options.Distance(q, _vectors[candidate]));
+
+            // W ← ∅ // set for the current nearest elements
+            var W = new Dictionary<int, float>(k + 1);
+            // ep ← get enter point for hnsw
+            var ep = EntryPoint;
+            // L ← level of ep // top layer for hnsw
+            var L = MaxLayer;
+            // for lc ← L … 1
+            for (int layer = L; layer > 0; --layer)
+            {
+                // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef = 1, lc)
+                _layers[layer].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, 1);
+                // ep ← get nearest element from W to q
+                ep = W.OrderBy(p => p.Value).First().Key;
+                W.Clear();
+            }
+            // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef, lc =0)
+            _layers[0].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, k);
+            // return K nearest elements from W to q
+            return W.Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value));
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<(int, float)> KNearest(TItem q, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes)
+        {
+            if (_vectors.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return Enumerable.Empty<(int, float)>();
+            }
+            var distance = new Func<int, float>(candidate => _options.Distance(q, _vectors[candidate]));
+
+            // W ← ∅ // set for the current nearest elements
+            var W = new Dictionary<int, float>(k + 1);
+            // ep ← get enter point for hnsw
+            var ep = EntryPoint;
+            // L ← level of ep // top layer for hnsw
+            var L = MaxLayer;
+            // for lc ← L … 1
+            for (int layer = L; layer > 0; --layer)
+            {
+                // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef = 1, lc)
+                _layers[layer].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, 1);
+                // ep ← get nearest element from W to q
+                ep = W.OrderBy(p => p.Value).First().Key;
+                W.Clear();
+            }
+            // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef, lc =0)
+            _layers[0].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, k, activeNodes);
+            // return K nearest elements from W to q
+            return W.Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value));
+        }
+
+        public void Serialize(Stream stream)
+        {
+            using (var writer = new MemoryStreamWriter(stream))
+            {
+                writer.WriteInt32(EntryPoint);
+                writer.WriteInt32(MaxLayer);
+                _vectors.Serialize(writer);
+                writer.WriteInt32(_layers.Length);
+                foreach (var l in _layers)
+                {
+                    l.Serialize(writer);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(Stream stream)
+        {
+            using (var reader = new MemoryStreamReader(stream))
+            {
+                this.EntryPoint = reader.ReadInt32();
+                this.MaxLayer = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _vectors = new ReadOnlyVectorSet<TItem>();
+                _vectors.Deserialize(reader);
+                var countLayers = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _layers = new ReadOnlyLayer<TItem>[countLayers];
+                for (int i = 0; i < countLayers; i++)
+                {
+                    _layers[i] = new ReadOnlyLayer<TItem>(_options, _vectors);
+                    _layers[i].Deserialize(reader);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/CompactBiDirectionalLinksSet.cs

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
 
 namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 {
     internal sealed class CompactBiDirectionalLinksSet
-        : IDisposable
+        : IBinarySerializable, IDisposable
     {
         private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _rwLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
 
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 
         private SortedList<long, float> _set = new SortedList<long, float>();
 
-        public (int, int) this[int index]
+        internal (int, int) this[int index]
         {
             get
             {
@@ -25,12 +26,12 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public int Count => _set.Count;
+        internal int Count => _set.Count;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Разрывает связи id1 - id2 и id2 - id1, и строит новые id1 - id, id - id1
         /// </summary>
-        public void Relink(int id1, int id2, int id, float distance)
+        internal void Relink(int id1, int id2, int id, float distance)
         {
             long k1old = (((long)(id1)) << HALF_LONG_BITS) + id2;
             long k2old = (((long)(id2)) << HALF_LONG_BITS) + id1;
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
         /// <summary>
         /// Разрывает связи id1 - id2 и id2 - id1, и строит новые id1 - id, id - id1, id2 - id, id - id2
         /// </summary>
-        public void Relink(int id1, int id2, int id, float distanceToId1, float distanceToId2)
+        internal void Relink(int id1, int id2, int id, float distanceToId1, float distanceToId2)
         {
             long k_id1_id2 = (((long)(id1)) << HALF_LONG_BITS) + id2;
             long k_id2_id1 = (((long)(id2)) << HALF_LONG_BITS) + id1;
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(int, int, float)> FindLinksForId(int id)
+        internal IEnumerable<(int, int, float)> FindLinksForId(int id)
         {
             _rwLock.EnterReadLock();
             try
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(int, int, float)> Items()
+        internal IEnumerable<(int, int, float)> Items()
         {
             _rwLock.EnterReadLock();
             try
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public void RemoveIndex(int id)
+        internal void RemoveIndex(int id)
         {
             long[] forward;
             long[] backward;
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public bool Add(int id1, int id2, float distance)
+        internal bool Add(int id1, int id2, float distance)
         {
             _rwLock.EnterWriteLock();
             try
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             return false;
         }
 
-        static IEnumerable<(long, float)> Search(SortedList<long, float> set, int index)
+        private static IEnumerable<(long, float)> Search(SortedList<long, float> set, int index)
         {
             long k = ((long)index) << HALF_LONG_BITS;
             int left = 0;
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             return Enumerable.Empty<(long, float)>();
         }
 
-        static IEnumerable<(long, float)> SearchByPosition(SortedList<long, float> set, long k, int position)
+        private static IEnumerable<(long, float)> SearchByPosition(SortedList<long, float> set, long k, int position)
         {
             var start = position;
             var end = position;
@@ -259,5 +260,34 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             _set.Clear();
             _set = null;
         }
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            writer.WriteBoolean(true); // true - set with weights
+            writer.WriteInt32(_set.Count);
+            foreach (var record in _set)
+            {
+                writer.WriteLong(record.Key);
+                writer.WriteFloat(record.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            if (reader.ReadBoolean() == false)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Incompatible data format. The set does not contain weights.");
+            }
+            _set.Clear();
+            _set = null;
+            var count = reader.ReadInt32();
+            _set = new SortedList<long, float>(count + 1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                var key = reader.ReadLong();
+                var value = reader.ReadFloat();
+                _set.Add(key, value);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/Layer.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
 
 namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 {
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
     /// NSW graph
     /// </summary>
     internal sealed class Layer<TItem>
+        : IBinarySerializable
     {
         private readonly NSWOptions<TItem> _options;
         private readonly VectorSet<TItem> _vectors;
@@ -352,5 +354,15 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
         #endregion
 
         private IEnumerable<int> GetNeighbors(int id) => _links.FindLinksForId(id).Select(d => d.Item2);
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            _links.Serialize(writer);
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            _links.Deserialize(reader);
+        }
     }
 }

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/ReadOnly/ReadOnlyCompactBiDirectionalLinksSet.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    internal sealed class ReadOnlyCompactBiDirectionalLinksSet
+        : IBinarySerializable, IDisposable
+    {
+        private const int HALF_LONG_BITS = 32;
+
+        private Dictionary<int, int[]> _set = new Dictionary<int, int[]>();
+
+        internal int Count => _set.Count;
+
+        internal IEnumerable<int> FindLinksForId(int id)
+        {
+            if (_set.ContainsKey(id))
+            {
+                return _set[id];
+            }
+            return Enumerable.Empty<int>();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _set.Clear();
+            _set = null;
+        }
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            writer.WriteBoolean(false); // false - set without weights
+            writer.WriteInt32(_set.Count);
+            foreach (var record in _set)
+            {
+                writer.WriteInt32(record.Key);
+                writer.WriteCollection(record.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            _set.Clear();
+            _set = null;
+            if (reader.ReadBoolean() == false)
+            {
+                var count = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _set = new Dictionary<int, int[]>(count);
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    var key = reader.ReadInt32();
+                    var value = reader.ReadInt32Array();
+                    _set.Add(key, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var count = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _set = new Dictionary<int, int[]>(count);
+
+                // hack, We know that an sortedset has been saved
+                long key;
+                int id1, id2;
+                var prevId = -1;
+                var set = new HashSet<int>();
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    key = reader.ReadLong();
+                    id1 = (int)(key >> HALF_LONG_BITS);
+                    id2 = (int)(key - (((long)id1) << HALF_LONG_BITS));                    
+
+                    reader.ReadFloat(); // SKIP
+
+                    if (prevId == -1)
+                    {
+                        prevId = id1;
+                        if (id1 != id2)
+                        {
+                            set.Add(id2);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (prevId != id1)
+                    {
+                        _set.Add(prevId, set.ToArray());
+                        set.Clear();
+                        prevId = id1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (id1 != id2)
+                        {
+                            set.Add(id2);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (set.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    _set.Add(prevId, set.ToArray());
+                    set.Clear();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/ReadOnly/ReadOnlyLayer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// NSW graph
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class ReadOnlyLayer<TItem>
+        : IBinarySerializable
+    {
+        private readonly NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> _options;
+        private readonly ReadOnlyVectorSet<TItem> _vectors;
+        private readonly ReadOnlyCompactBiDirectionalLinksSet _links;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// HNSW layer
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">HNSW graph options</param>
+        /// <param name="vectors">General vector set</param>
+        internal ReadOnlyLayer(NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> options, ReadOnlyVectorSet<TItem> vectors)
+        {
+            _options = options;
+            _vectors = vectors;
+            _links = new ReadOnlyCompactBiDirectionalLinksSet();
+        }
+
+        #region Implementation of https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1603/1603.09320.pdf
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Algorithm 2
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="q">query element</param>
+        /// <param name="ep">enter points ep</param>
+        /// <returns>Output: ef closest neighbors to q</returns>
+        internal void KNearestAtLayer(int entryPointId, Func<int, float> targetCosts, IDictionary<int, float> W, int ef)
+        {
+            /*
+             * v ← ep // set of visited elements
+             * C ← ep // set of candidates
+             * W ← ep // dynamic list of found nearest neighbors
+             * while │C│ > 0
+             *   c ← extract nearest element from C to q
+             *   f ← get furthest element from W to q
+             *   if distance(c, q) > distance(f, q)
+             *     break // all elements in W are evaluated
+             *   for each e ∈ neighbourhood(c) at layer lc // update C and W
+             *     if e ∉ v
+             *       v ← v ⋃ e
+             *       f ← get furthest element from W to q
+             *       if distance(e, q) < distance(f, q) or │W│ < ef
+             *         C ← C ⋃ e
+             *         W ← W ⋃ e
+             *         if │W│ > ef
+             *           remove furthest element from W to q
+             * return W
+             */
+            var v = new VisitedBitSet(_vectors.Count, 1);
+            // v ← ep // set of visited elements
+            v.Add(entryPointId);
+            // C ← ep // set of candidates
+            var C = new Dictionary<int, float>();
+            C.Add(entryPointId, targetCosts(entryPointId));
+            // W ← ep // dynamic list of found nearest neighbors
+            W.Add(entryPointId, C[entryPointId]);
+
+            var popCandidate = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { var pair = C.OrderBy(e => e.Value).First(); C.Remove(pair.Key); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+            var fartherFromResult = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { var pair = W.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+            var fartherPopFromResult = new Action(() => { var pair = W.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); W.Remove(pair.Key); });
+            // run bfs
+            while (C.Count > 0)
+            {
+                // get next candidate to check and expand
+                var toExpand = popCandidate();
+                var farthestResult = fartherFromResult();
+                if (toExpand.Item2 > farthestResult.Item2)
+                {
+                    // the closest candidate is farther than farthest result
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // expand candidate
+                var neighboursIds = GetNeighbors(toExpand.Item1).ToArray();
+                for (int i = 0; i < neighboursIds.Length; ++i)
+                {
+                    int neighbourId = neighboursIds[i];
+                    if (!v.Contains(neighbourId))
+                    {
+                        // enqueue perspective neighbours to expansion list
+                        farthestResult = fartherFromResult();
+
+                        var neighbourDistance = targetCosts(neighbourId);
+                        if (W.Count < ef || neighbourDistance < farthestResult.Item2)
+                        {
+                            C.Add(neighbourId, neighbourDistance);
+                            W.Add(neighbourId, neighbourDistance);
+                            if (W.Count > ef)
+                            {
+                                fartherPopFromResult();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        v.Add(neighbourId);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C.Clear();
+            v.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Algorithm 2
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="q">query element</param>
+        /// <param name="ep">enter points ep</param>
+        /// <returns>Output: ef closest neighbors to q</returns>
+        internal void KNearestAtLayer(int entryPointId, Func<int, float> targetCosts, IDictionary<int, float> W, int ef, HashSet<int> activeNodes)
+        {
+            /*
+             * v ← ep // set of visited elements
+             * C ← ep // set of candidates
+             * W ← ep // dynamic list of found nearest neighbors
+             * while │C│ > 0
+             *   c ← extract nearest element from C to q
+             *   f ← get furthest element from W to q
+             *   if distance(c, q) > distance(f, q)
+             *     break // all elements in W are evaluated
+             *   for each e ∈ neighbourhood(c) at layer lc // update C and W
+             *     if e ∉ v
+             *       v ← v ⋃ e
+             *       f ← get furthest element from W to q
+             *       if distance(e, q) < distance(f, q) or │W│ < ef
+             *         C ← C ⋃ e
+             *         W ← W ⋃ e
+             *         if │W│ > ef
+             *           remove furthest element from W to q
+             * return W
+             */
+            var v = new VisitedBitSet(_vectors.Count, 1);
+            // v ← ep // set of visited elements
+            v.Add(entryPointId);
+            // C ← ep // set of candidates
+            var C = new Dictionary<int, float>();
+            C.Add(entryPointId, targetCosts(entryPointId));
+            // W ← ep // dynamic list of found nearest neighbors
+            if (activeNodes.Contains(entryPointId))
+            {
+                W.Add(entryPointId, C[entryPointId]);
+            }
+            var popCandidate = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { var pair = C.OrderBy(e => e.Value).First(); C.Remove(pair.Key); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+            var farthestDistance = new Func<float>(() => { var pair = W.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); return pair.Value; });
+            var fartherPopFromResult = new Action(() => { var pair = W.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); W.Remove(pair.Key); });
+            // run bfs
+            while (C.Count > 0)
+            {
+                // get next candidate to check and expand
+                var toExpand = popCandidate();
+                if (W.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    if (toExpand.Item2 > farthestDistance())
+                    {
+                        // the closest candidate is farther than farthest result
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // expand candidate
+                var neighboursIds = GetNeighbors(toExpand.Item1).ToArray();
+                for (int i = 0; i < neighboursIds.Length; ++i)
+                {
+                    int neighbourId = neighboursIds[i];
+                    if (!v.Contains(neighbourId))
+                    {
+                        // enqueue perspective neighbours to expansion list
+                        var neighbourDistance = targetCosts(neighbourId);
+                        if (activeNodes.Contains(neighbourId))
+                        {
+                            if (W.Count < ef || (W.Count > 0 && neighbourDistance < farthestDistance()))
+                            {
+                                W.Add(neighbourId, neighbourDistance);
+                                if (W.Count > ef)
+                                {
+                                    fartherPopFromResult();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (W.Count < ef)
+                        {
+                            C.Add(neighbourId, neighbourDistance);
+                        }
+                        v.Add(neighbourId);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            C.Clear();
+            v.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Algorithm 3
+        /// </summary>
+        internal IDictionary<int, float> SELECT_NEIGHBORS_SIMPLE(Func<int, float> distance, IDictionary<int, float> candidates, int M)
+        {
+            var bestN = M;
+            var W = new Dictionary<int, float>(candidates);
+            if (W.Count > bestN)
+            {
+                var popFarther = new Action(() => { var pair = W.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); W.Remove(pair.Key); });
+                while (W.Count > bestN)
+                {
+                    popFarther();
+                }
+            }
+            // return M nearest elements from C to q
+            return W;
+        }
+
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Algorithm 4
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="q">base element</param>
+        /// <param name="C">candidate elements</param>
+        /// <param name="extendCandidates">flag indicating whether or not to extend candidate list</param>
+        /// <param name="keepPrunedConnections">flag indicating whether or not to add discarded elements</param>
+        /// <returns>Output: M elements selected by the heuristic</returns>
+        internal IDictionary<int, float> SELECT_NEIGHBORS_HEURISTIC(Func<int, float> distance, IDictionary<int, float> candidates, int M)
+        {
+            // R ← ∅
+            var R = new Dictionary<int, float>();
+            // W ← C // working queue for the candidates
+            var W = new Dictionary<int, float>(candidates);
+            // if extendCandidates // extend candidates by their neighbors
+            if (_options.ExpandBestSelection)
+            {
+                var extendBuffer = new HashSet<int>();
+                // for each e ∈ C
+                foreach (var e in W)
+                {
+                    var neighbors = GetNeighbors(e.Key);
+                    // for each e_adj ∈ neighbourhood(e) at layer lc
+                    foreach (var e_adj in neighbors)
+                    {
+                        // if eadj ∉ W
+                        if (extendBuffer.Contains(e_adj) == false)
+                        {
+                            extendBuffer.Add(e_adj);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // W ← W ⋃ eadj
+                foreach (var id in extendBuffer)
+                {
+                    W[id] = distance(id);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //  Wd ← ∅ // queue for the discarded candidates
+            var Wd = new Dictionary<int, float>();
+
+
+            var popCandidate = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { var pair = W.OrderBy(e => e.Value).First(); W.Remove(pair.Key); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+            var fartherFromResult = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { if (R.Count == 0) return (-1, 0f); var pair = R.OrderByDescending(e => e.Value).First(); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+            var popNearestDiscarded = new Func<(int, float)>(() => { var pair = Wd.OrderBy(e => e.Value).First(); Wd.Remove(pair.Key); return (pair.Key, pair.Value); });
+
+
+            // while │W│ > 0 and │R│< M
+            while (W.Count > 0 && R.Count < M)
+            {
+                // e ← extract nearest element from W to q
+                var (e, ed) = popCandidate();
+                var (fe, fd) = fartherFromResult();
+
+                // if e is closer to q compared to any element from R
+                if (R.Count == 0 ||
+                    ed < fd)
+                {
+                    // R ← R ⋃ e
+                    R.Add(e, ed);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Wd ← Wd ⋃ e
+                    Wd.Add(e, ed);
+                }
+            }
+            // if keepPrunedConnections // add some of the discarded // connections from Wd
+            if (_options.KeepPrunedConnections)
+            {
+                // while │Wd│> 0 and │R│< M
+                while (Wd.Count > 0 && R.Count < M)
+                {
+                    // R ← R ⋃ extract nearest element from Wd to q
+                    var nearest = popNearestDiscarded();
+                    R[nearest.Item1] = nearest.Item2;
+                }
+            }
+            //  return R
+            return R;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private IEnumerable<int> GetNeighbors(int id) => _links.FindLinksForId(id);
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            _links.Serialize(writer);
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            _links.Deserialize(reader);
+        }
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/ReadOnly/ReadOnlyVectorSet.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    internal sealed class ReadOnlyVectorSet<T>
+        : IBinarySerializable
+    {
+        private List<T> _set = new List<T>();
+
+        internal T this[int index] => _set[index];
+        internal int Count => _set.Count;
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            int count = reader.ReadInt32();
+            _set = new List<T>(count + 1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                _set.Add(reader.ReadCompatible<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            writer.WriteInt32(_set.Count);
+            foreach (var r in _set)
+            {
+                writer.WriteCompatible<T>(r);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Services/VectorSet.cs

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
-using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Threading;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
 
 namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 {
-    public class VectorSet<T>
+    internal sealed class VectorSet<T>
+        : IBinarySerializable
     {
         private List<T> _set = new List<T>();
         private SpinLock _lock = new SpinLock();
 
-        public T this[int index] => _set[index];
+        internal T this[int index] => _set[index];
-        public int Count => _set.Count;
+        internal int Count => _set.Count;
 
-        public int Append(T vector)
+        internal int Append(T vector)
         {
             bool gotLock = false;
             gotLock = false;
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
-        public int[] Append(IEnumerable<T> vectors)
+        internal int[] Append(IEnumerable<T> vectors)
         {
             bool gotLock = false;
             int startIndex, endIndex;
@@ -53,5 +54,24 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
             return ids;
         }
+
+        public void Deserialize(IBinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            int count = reader.ReadInt32();
+            _set = new List<T>(count + 1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                _set.Add(reader.ReadCompatible<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Serialize(IBinaryWriter writer)
+        {
+            writer.WriteInt32(_set.Count);
+            foreach (var r in _set)
+            {
+                writer.WriteCompatible<T>(r);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

ZeroLevel.HNSW/SmallWorld.cs

@@ -1,43 +1,18 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
+using ZeroLevel.HNSW.Services;
+using ZeroLevel.Services.Serialization;
 
 namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
 {
-    public class ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator
-    {
-        private const float DIVIDER = 3.361f;
-        private readonly float[] _probabilities;
-
-        public ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator(int maxLayers, int M)
-        {
-            _probabilities = new float[maxLayers];
-            var probability = 1.0f / DIVIDER;
-            for (int i = 0; i < maxLayers; i++)
-            {
-                _probabilities[i] = probability;
-                probability /= DIVIDER;
-            }
-        }
-
-        public int GetRandomLayer()
-        {
-            var probability = DefaultRandomGenerator.Instance.NextFloat();
-            for (int i = 0; i < _probabilities.Length; i++)
-            {
-                if (probability > _probabilities[i])
-                    return i;
-            }
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
     public class SmallWorld<TItem>
     {
         private readonly NSWOptions<TItem> _options;
         private readonly VectorSet<TItem> _vectors;
-        private readonly Layer<TItem>[] _layers;
+        private Layer<TItem>[] _layers;
         private int EntryPoint = 0;
         private int MaxLayer = 0;
         private readonly ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator _layerLevelGenerator;
@@ -55,6 +30,12 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
 
+        internal SmallWorld(NSWOptions<TItem> options, Stream stream)
+        {
+            _options = options;
+            Deserialize(stream);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Search in the graph K for vectors closest to a given vector
         /// </summary>
@@ -62,13 +43,31 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
         /// <param name="k">Count of elements for search</param>
         /// <param name="activeNodes"></param>
         /// <returns></returns>
-        public IEnumerable<(int, TItem, float)> Search(TItem vector, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes = null)
+        public IEnumerable<(int, TItem, float)> Search(TItem vector, int k)
+        {
+            foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k))
+            {
+                yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<(int, TItem, float)> Search(TItem vector, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes)
+        {
+            if (activeNodes == null)
+            {
+                foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k))
+                {
+                    yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
+                }
+            }
+            else
             {
                 foreach (var pair in KNearest(vector, k, activeNodes))
                 {
                     yield return (pair.Item1, _vectors[pair.Item1], pair.Item2);
                 }
             }
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Adding vectors batch
@@ -201,7 +200,43 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
         /// <summary>
         /// Algorithm 5
         /// </summary>
-        private IEnumerable<(int, float)> KNearest(TItem q, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes = null)
+        private IEnumerable<(int, float)> KNearest(TItem q, int k)
+        {
+            _lockGraph.EnterReadLock();
+            try
+            {
+                if (_vectors.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    return Enumerable.Empty<(int, float)>();
+                }
+                var distance = new Func<int, float>(candidate => _options.Distance(q, _vectors[candidate]));
+
+                // W ← ∅ // set for the current nearest elements
+                var W = new Dictionary<int, float>(k + 1);
+                // ep ← get enter point for hnsw
+                var ep = EntryPoint;
+                // L ← level of ep // top layer for hnsw
+                var L = MaxLayer;
+                // for lc ← L … 1
+                for (int layer = L; layer > 0; --layer)
+                {
+                    // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef = 1, lc)
+                    _layers[layer].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, 1);
+                    // ep ← get nearest element from W to q
+                    ep = W.OrderBy(p => p.Value).First().Key;
+                    W.Clear();
+                }
+                // W ← SEARCH-LAYER(q, ep, ef, lc =0)
+                _layers[0].KNearestAtLayer(ep, distance, W, k);
+                // return K nearest elements from W to q
+                return W.Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value));
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _lockGraph.ExitReadLock();
+            }
+        }
+        private IEnumerable<(int, float)> KNearest(TItem q, int k, HashSet<int> activeNodes)
         {
             _lockGraph.EnterReadLock();
             try
@@ -238,5 +273,37 @@ namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
             }
         }
         #endregion
+
+        public void Serialize(Stream stream)
+        {
+            using (var writer = new MemoryStreamWriter(stream))
+            {
+                writer.WriteInt32(EntryPoint);
+                writer.WriteInt32(MaxLayer);
+                _vectors.Serialize(writer);
+                writer.WriteInt32(_layers.Length);
+                foreach (var l in _layers)
+                {
+                    l.Serialize(writer);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Deserialize(Stream stream)
+        {
+            using (var reader = new MemoryStreamReader(stream))
+            {
+                this.EntryPoint = reader.ReadInt32();
+                this.MaxLayer = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _vectors.Deserialize(reader);
+                var countLayers = reader.ReadInt32();
+                _layers = new Layer<TItem>[countLayers];
+                for (int i = 0; i < countLayers; i++)
+                {
+                    _layers[i] = new Layer<TItem>(_options, _vectors);
+                    _layers[i].Deserialize(reader);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

ZeroLevel.HNSW/SmallWorldFactory.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW
+{
+    public static class SmallWorld
+    {
+        public static SmallWorld<TItem> CreateWorld<TItem>(NSWOptions<TItem> options) => new SmallWorld<TItem>(options);
+        public static SmallWorld<TItem> CreateWorldFrom<TItem>(NSWOptions<TItem> options, Stream stream) => new SmallWorld<TItem>(options, stream);
+        public static ReadOnlySmallWorld<TItem> CreateReadOnlyWorldFrom<TItem>(NSWReadOnlyOption<TItem> options, Stream stream) => new ReadOnlySmallWorld<TItem>(options, stream);
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/Utils/ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+namespace ZeroLevel.HNSW.Services
+{
+    internal sealed class ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator
+    {
+        private const float DIVIDER = 3.361f;
+        private readonly float[] _probabilities;
+
+        internal ProbabilityLayerNumberGenerator(int maxLayers, int M)
+        {
+            _probabilities = new float[maxLayers];
+            var probability = 1.0f / DIVIDER;
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxLayers; i++)
+            {
+                _probabilities[i] = probability;
+                probability /= DIVIDER;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal int GetRandomLayer()
+        {
+            var probability = DefaultRandomGenerator.Instance.NextFloat();
+            for (int i = 0; i < _probabilities.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (probability > _probabilities[i])
+                    return i;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+}

ZeroLevel.HNSW/ZeroLevel.HNSW.csproj

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="System.Numerics.Vectors" Version="4.5.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ZeroLevel" Version="3.3.5.6" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>